Same sex marriage (Argumentative essay) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Same sex marriage (Argumentative ) - Essay Example This understanding has led to the initiation of many controversies and debates. The issue of same sex marriage accounts for one such matter which has sparked many arguments with regard to its legality. The issue surfaced during the last half of the twentieth century when same sex couples demanded the recognition of their relationship. The same sex couples argue and insist on the legality and provision of permission for same sex marriage. On the other hand, this stand is opposed by many religious, social and ethical groups who argue that same sex marriages are against the law of nature and legality of these marriages will destruct the normal structure of the society. These disagreements and debates have led to the questioning with regard to the fact that whether same sex marriages should be allowed or should they be marked as being illegal. The number of homosexuals in the United States has been increasing and this was clearly concluded with the assistance of the statistics provided by surveys conducted by the William’s Institute. It was highlighted that the number of same sex couples increased from 594,391 to 776,943 from the year 2001 to 2005 (Romero et al 2007). Owing to these increases in the number of homosexuals in the country, there have been many legal fights which have been carried out by these groups. Following the year 1990, many uprisings and legal proceedings were initiated by gays for the provision of legality for their marriages. The first major case was held in the Supreme Court of Hawaii in 1993 which invalidated the decision of a lower court from permitting three homosexual couples from marrying. This legal hearing was followed by other proceedings in the State of Alaska in 1998 and Vermont in 1999. A definitive breakthrough for the same sex couples was achieved in the year 2000 when their marr iages were legally allowed in the state of Vermont. Therefore, Vermont became the first State in the

Copenhagen Historical Sciences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Copenhagen Historical Sciences - Essay Example 'Copenhagen' draws its inspiration form a much famous or we may say notorious historical incident that involves a meeting between the two patriarchs of quantum mechanics that is the Danish physicist Niels Bohr and his German protg Werner Heisenberg in 1941. Since then, this meeting had been a topic of intense debate, conjectures and surmises amongst the historians and scientists. Infact the recently released letters drafted by Niels Bohr have only added to the confusion and controversy associated with that brief collision of the two scientific luminaries at that momentous point of time. The incident in the play alludes to a critical period during the II World War when Denmark was invaded by the Nazis and was being retained as a protectorate state. Niels Bohr was a distinguished and immensely respected physicist of the times who decided to stay back in Copenhagen and was infact allowed by the Germans to continue to act as the director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics despite hi s Jewish origins. Werner Heisenberg, who was a German, came under the tutelage of Niels Bohr at more salubrious times in the mid 20s when he accepted a lectureship at the Institute. This lead to a series of ground breaking collaborations between the tow geniuses, that laid the foundations of the much famous Copenhagen interpretation. In March 1927, Heisenberg came out with his uncertainty principle that stated that it was impossible to determine the velocity and the exact position of a subatomic particle at the same time. Following this amazing revelation, Bohr enunciated his complimentarity principle in September 1927 that emphasized the dual nature of matter at the subatomic level and highlighted the simultaneous wavelike and particle like properties of matter. It is not a hidden secret that both the scientist parted ways and abandoned their friendly ties owing to the unpropitious political unfolding of the future that accentuated their ideological differences. Bohr being a half J ew was strongly averse to the tragic possibility of the Germans getting an atomic weapon while Heisenberg though not being an outright Nazi, was a self professed patriot who choose to support his nation in its scientific endeavors in those trying times. Both the scientists being aware of the possibilities inherent in the splitting of atom were not oblivious to its military implications. In 1941, Heisenberg came to see Bohr in the German occupied Copenhagen. What transpired between the two scientists in that short meeting is still an enigma. Whether Heisenberg wanted to eke out the details of the allied nuclear program from Bohr or whether he intended to solicit his support in preventing the development of A-bomb by both the sides is still open to conjectures. Frayn uses this incident as a literary context for his play and goes on to build an intense and enticing

A critical overview on Innovation and knowledge processes Essay

A critical overview on Innovation and knowledge processes - Essay Example Lately, knowledge processes have been identified as an integral input towards innovation dynamics. The following is a discussion on how knowledge management influences the innovation dynamics. The gurus of the subject proclaim knowledge management as a provider of strong roots for higher efficacy level in innovation dynamics. In particular with the ever rapidly changing dynamic and competitive markets that exist today, Dalkir (2005) states that the businesses have to look forward for technological advancements, embedded with experiences of the past ‘grey-hair’ individuals, holding experience of decades. The innovation dynamics existing today in the present century are bound to affect the current business outlook, and some of the most influential factors are as follows: Therefore, it can be safely assumed that technology would have a significant impact on the way managers in the future entertain a situation. Innovation does not apply to the product but to the processes as well; many a times an innovative move in the process gives a big boost to the product features and entitlements. Innovation, at its grass roots is supported by knowledge management, and its description is discussed as follows. In accordance with the Harvard Business Review (1998), knowledge really defines the basis of innovation, leading in turn towards developing a competitive advantage, which is critical for sustainability in the markets. As illustrated from experiences and extracted from various literature, for survival and sustainability in a cut throat competition that exists today, it is critical for a firm to develop a competitive advantage; though one would really want this to be un-replicable but today due to the existing advances in technology, spying and other advancements, it is not possible to retain a competitive advantage for a longer period of time – technologies and

Time Value Essay Example for Free

Time Value Essay One of the most important concepts about saving and investing is the time value of money. It can be used to compare investment alternatives and to solve problems involving loans, mortgages, leases, savings, and annuities. This means money paid out or received in the future is not equivalent to money paid out or received today because inflation erodes money’s buying power. Basically, the power of time is on a person’s side and the premise that cash in hand today is more valuable than the same amount in the future due to its capability of earning interest. There are three factors affecting how much an investment will grow: time, money, and interest rate. Time Value of Money is a concept that is very important in financial management. It affects business, personal, and government finance (Harvey, 2012) Within this paper we will discuss the definition of Time Value of Money and identifies the importance of financial managers understanding the concept. Time, Money and Interest Rates Time has an important impact on the future value of money. Time is referred to as â€Å"N†, or â€Å"number,† and signifies the number of times something happens to your money. The earlier an individual invests, the more time their investment has to compound interest and increase in value. The effects of time on the value of money need to be taken into account when assessing investments. Investments (Money) with interest rates compounding frequently will yield higher returns. The higher the interest rate, the more money an individual will earn. However, and individual must understand an investment with a higher interest rate generally has a greater risk. Risk is the uncertainty the yield on an investment will deviate from what is expected. Generally, Present and Future Price of Money 2 having a savings or investment plan with a fixed interest rate guarantees a specific return but can provide a moderate risk. The last item to take into consideration with interest rates is ensuring the interest rate is higher than the rate of inflation. Inflation is the steady rise in the general level of prices of a market basket of goods. If the average interest rates rise, the amount a person earns from this type of investment will not increase. Another consideration with interest rates is ensuring the interest rate is higher than the rate of inflation. Need for Financial Managers Anyone who manages finances in a company setting , deals with consumer finance or running their own business is a financial manager and needs to understand the concept of Time Value of Money. A financial manager’s job it to compare the cost and benefits of alternatives that occur at different times. This is done by restating money values through time in Time Value of Money calculations. These calculations estimate what effect time will have on money. For these professionals to make decisions that will assist a client in taking advantages of low interest rates or investing wisely a comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the Time Value of Money is needed. Understanding this concept allows them to make better decisions. If they don’t understand the concept then they could make an unfavorable decision resulting in loss of money for the client or their business (Time Value of Money, 2013) Future Value and Present Value As an investor, you cannot control the rate of return on an investment. The actual yield is determined by the market as a whole, in the form of people buying and selling the investments at Present and Future Price of Money 3 a price that, coupled with the investment’s payouts, determines the yield. There are two fundamental formulas used to calculate the time value of money; the â€Å"future value† and the â€Å"present value† formulas. They’re basically the same formulas, but rearranged to solve for different values. The future value formula can answer the question, ‘how much money will I have if I invest a certain amount now, at a given rate of return†? The formula is FV=PV*(1+R)N, where FV is the future value (how much you’ll have later), PV is the present value (how much you’ll have now), R is the periodic rate of return or the percentage that your money will grow in each unit period of time. N is the number of unit periods of time in the overall time span. The following are examples of the calculation of future values: a) Solve for FV $150,537. 19 invested for seven years at an interest rate of 5% will yield a future value of $211,820. 94. FV = 150,537. 19 (1+ . 05)7 = 150,537. 19 (1. 05) 7 = 150,537. 19 (1. 40710042265625) = $211,820. 94 b) Solve for FV $237,891. 22 invested for eight years at an interest rate of 3% will yield a future value of $301. 353. 48. FV = 237,891. 22 (1 + . 03) 8 = 237,891. 22 (1. 03) 8 = 237,891. 22 (1. 266770081387616) = $301,353. 48 c) Solve for FV $320,891. 12 invested for 10 years at an interest rate of 11% will yield a future value of $911,144. 98. FV = 320,891. 12 (1 + . 11) 10 = 320,891. 12(1. 11) 10 = 320,891. 12 (2. 839420986069016) = $911,144.98 d) Solve for FV $520,520. 22 invested for 13 years at an interest rate of 13% will yield a future value of $2,549,513. 82. FV = 520,520. 22 (1 + . 13) 13 = 520,520. 22(1. 13) 13 = 520,520. 22(4. 898011103216606) = $2,549,513. 82 The present value formula is based on the same fundamental formula, but it’s â€Å"solved† for the PV term and assumes you will know the FV amount. The present value formula can Present and Future Price of Money 4 answer the question, ‘how much money would I have to invest now in order to have X dollars at a specific future date? ’. That formula is PV = FV/(1 + R) n where all the terms mean the same thing, except that R in this formula is typically referred to as the â€Å"discounted rate†, because its purpose is to lower a future amount of money to show what it is worth to you now (McCracken, 2014). The following are examples of the calculation of present value: a) If you receive a dividend of $562,126. 17 in 7 years at an interest rate of 5%. You initial investment would have been $399,492. 57. PV = 562,126. 17/(1 + . 05) 7 = 562,126. 17 / (1. 05) 7 = 562,126. 17/1. 40710042265625 = $299,492. 57 b) If you receive a dividend of $225,003. 21 in 6 years at an interest rate of 6%. Your initial investment would have been $158,618. 38. PV = 225,003. 21/(1 + . 06) 6 = 225,003. 21/(1. 06) 6 = 225,003. 21/1. 418519112256 = $158,618. 38 c) If you receive a dividend of $321,567. 35 in 5 years at an interest rate of 18%. Your initial investment would have been $140,560. 05. PV = 321,567. 35/(1 + . 18) 5 = $140,560. 05/(1. 18) 5 = 321,567. 35/2. 2877577568 = $140,560. 05 d) If your receive a dividend of $63,000. 05 in 12 years at an interest rate of 5%. Your initial investment would have been $35,080. 75. PV = 63,000. 05/(1 + . 05) 12 = 63,000. 05/ (1. 05) 12 = 63,000. 05/1. 795856326022129 = $35,080. 79 Annuity Present and Future Price of Money 5. An annuity is a series of identical payments occurring at equal time intervals. When the payments appear at the end of each time period, the annuity is said to be an ordinary annuity or an annuity in arrears. Present value calculations allow us to determine the amount of the recurring payments in an ordinary annuity if we know the other components: present value, interest rate, and the length of the annuity. Present value calculations involve the compounding of interest. This means that any interest earned is invested and will earn interest at the same rate as the principal. So, you earn interest on your interest. The compounding of interest can be very significant when the interest rate and the number of years are sizable. The present value of an annuity, represented by a series of equal payments, receipts or rents involve five components: (1) Present Value (2) Amount of each identical cash payments (3) Time between the identical cash payments (4) Number of periods that the payments will occur, length of the annuity and, (5) Interest rate or target rate used for discounting the series of payments. If you have any 4 of the 5 components, you have the information you need to calculate the unknown component. Calculations of Annuity. Suppose you are to receive a stream of annual payments of $325,891. 12 every year for 12 years starting at the end of this year. The interest rate is 6%. What is the present value of these 12 payments. PVA = PMT [( 1- (1 /(1 + r) n )) /r ] = 325,891. 22[(1- (1/(1 + . 06) 12))/. 06] = 325,891. 22[(1- (1/(1 . 06) 12))/. 06] Present and Future Price of Money 6 = 325,891. 22[(1 – (1/20121964718355))/. 06] = 325,891. 22[(1-. 496969363577001)/. 06] = 325,891. 22[. 503030636422999/. 06] = 325,891. 22 x 8. 383843940383317 = $2,732,221. 13 is the present value of the 12 payments. Suppose you are to receive a payment of $437,891. 24 at the end of each year for five years. You are depositing these payments in a bank account that pays 15% interest. Given these five payments and this interest rate, how much will be in your bank account in five years? FVA = PMT [((1 + r) n – 1) /r] = 437,891. 24 [((1 + . 15) 5 – 1)/. 15] = 437,891. 24 [((1. 15) 5 – 1)/. 15] = 437,891. 24 [(2. 0113571875 -1) /. 15] = 437,891. 24 [1. 0113571875/. 15] = 437,897. 24 x 6. 74238125 = $2,952,429. 69 will be in your bank account at the end of 5 years. Conclusion Present Value and Future calculations seem to be a simple way to compare money at different periods of time. Utilizing the future value calculation a person is able to determine the estimated future value of investments based on periodic, constant payments and constant interest rate. It ca also be used to calculate the future of loans payments. Time Value Money is a basic tool in finance that is used every day. Utilizing this concept can help individuals and companies weight all the options so the best decision can be made to Present and Future Price of Money 7 prosper in the future. Understanding and having the knowledge about saving and investing is very important to our generation, especially with the very bleak look of social security. References Biger, N. (2008). Explanation of present values and net present values. Harvey, C. R. (2012). Time Value of Money. Retrieved January 16, 2013, from The Free Dictionary: http://financial-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/Time+value+of+money McCracken, M. , (n. d. ) The time value of money. Retrieved January 2014 from http://www. teachmefinance. com/timevalueofmoney. html Present and Future Price of Money 8 Time Value of Money Overview. (n. d. ) Retrieved January 17, 2013, from University of West Florida: http://uwf. edu/rconstand/fin4424web/T2-TimeValue/T2-TimeValuePO1. htm Present and Future Price of Money.

Marketing Analysis Of First In Show Pet Foods

Marketing Analysis Of First In Show Pet Foods However, to start any new business venture, several factors have to be considered. The management is therefore presented with the task of formulating the best approach inclusive of objectives, constraints, available resources, monetary budgets, period, operation market areas and nature of competition amongst many others. For First in Show Pet Foods, Inc it was not an exception hence the attempts by the executives in formulating the best approach to undertake in venturing in the now desirable new market. The marketing firm representatives would provide a detailed proposal to the companys executives for analysis and possible formulation of the strategies towards the start of business in the particular market of retail dog foods. Further, the information from the food brokers was to be considered in structuring the appropriate approaches, policies and strategies for the new business activity. 2. Situation analysis The companys main goal is in 2009 and at Boston market area to effectively introduce and promote the Show Circuit dog food sale. The availability of this Show Circuit dog foods considered to be among the costliest would be through supermarkets. The quality of Show Circuit is finest and prepared as a full balanced dog food to be stored in refrigerators. It has for years, received positive recommendations from many professional owners of show-dogs. However, Show Circuit is publicly unknown by many and essentially considered as a new product despite such a vast history. An advantage that can be capitalized by the company is the fact that, at supermarkets frozen food section, only the Show Circuit dog food will be rightly available for customers. The successful marketing of Show Circuit requires the initial accomplishment of two important objectives. First, public awareness should be achieved in relation to the high-quality component of the Show Circuit dog food, the packaging designs an d the dog foods brand name. Secondly, at the supermarkets, dog owners should be directed towards the frozen food section when making dog food purchases. The environment under which the business for dog food is done seems not fully exploited. The tapping of the dog food industry is far from full potential yet because of the fact that prepared dog food is regularly fed to less than half the number of dogs owned in the United States. Based on manufactures prices, a total of $ 10 billion from the sale of dog food will be made in 2009. The analysis of four trends helps justify that such optimism in dog food industry is indeed well founded. First, the increase in dog ownership has consequently created benefits at the dog food industry. The owned-dog population in the U.S is approximately about 65 million. This steady growth in numbers is expected to continue, as more people require protection and the increased desire for companionship from dog owners. Secondly, another positive trend has been the increased investment on human companions by pet owners. On many settings, owners consider and treat pets as family members in possession of human qualities. For instance, according to research, a dog owner usually identifies himself/herself with the pet as well as assigning human characteristics such as needs, feelings, language and thoughts. A big number of dog owners, about 75% not surprisingly offer their animal companio ns the feelings of Mom and Dad. In addition, about 95% of dog owners would hug their pet on daily basis. Therefore, not surprisingly that annual veterinarian fees, accessories, clothing, dog toys, dog medication and furniture spend by dog owners are more than $ 20 billion. Thirdly, a positive trend has been the growth in dog food industry such that there is now the production of dog foods classified as premium and super premium. Such dog foods are of higher quality and are therefore higher priced. The increased rate of dog ownership together with this type of dog foods has spurred the growth in sales made from dog foods. Fourthly, a growing trend involves dog owners increasingly making claims for the introduction of a new product in the dog food industry. Such new dog food product should be enriched in vitamins and minerals, all natural and with no preservatives or additives. The table (1) below represents claims for the introduction of new dog food product for the period 2006- 2007 and 2007- 2008. Claim Claim frequency (2006- 2007) Claim frequency (2007- 2008) % change No additives/ No preservatives 95 146 53.7 Vitamin/ mineral enriched 94 144 53.2 All-natural 107 138 29.0 The distribution channel to be chosen is that of supermarkets. The distribution of all dog food in Boston market and the rest of United States at manufactures prices through the supermarkets accounts for about 36%. Other channels may include independent pet stores, mass merchandisers, farm/feed stores, pet superstores and veterinarians. The Boston market environment seems to be the ideal area to launch a new dog food product. The population at Boston area is estimated to be 1.2% of total U.S population. Because of the strong correlation between human population and dog population, the dog population at Boston area is also about 1.2%. In addition, the national expenditure of the Boston population is approximately average to expenditures on pet products. The analysis of the situation affecting the First in Show Pet Foods, Inc executives must take into account critical aspect of competition. The United States dog food industry approximately has about 350 dog food types and 50 manufactur es of dog food products. In the year 2008, five major companies made about 75% of sales of all the U.S dog food products. These companies were the Master foods USA, Hills Pet Nutrition, Del Monte Foods Inc, Nestle Purina Pet Care and the Iams Inc. Considerable percentage of the sales did accrue from supermarket dog food sales. This presents a huge concern for the Executives of First in Show Pet Foods, Inc since they intend to sell their new dog food product through the supermarket distribution channel. The marketing strategy for the introduction of Show Circuit in the dog food industry should indeed be well planned. The forms of advertising as well as the spending by competitors on advertising require major considerations. 3. SWOT analysis 3.1 Strengths First In Show Pet Foods, Inc has been supplying Show Circuit exclusively in the U.S to the show-dog kennels hence the improvement of dogs coats. Because of the products quality, the company is intends to supply this product in retail market to cater for normal dogs. Show Circuit is a dog food of high premium with ingredients of cereals and fresh meats and also being additives/ preservatives free. Such unique food components could remarkably improve the dogs coats, making a normal dog beautiful and healthy. Professional dog owners have recommended and used this food product for years in addition to being proven as the dog food of finest quality. Dog owners who largely consider issues of beauty and health for their dogs will be definite customers of Show Circuit. This dog food product will be the first available in the U.S market of the type of organic dog food. The product will be frozen packaged hence the fresh and uncooked meat will not spoil. This presents an advantage for the comp any because after the introduction of the product into the market, the frozen section of the supermarkets will only have this dog food product. 3.2 Weaknesses Show Circuit will be a new product name being introduced into the market. Further, the products premium quality makes its price quite high in comparison to other available dog food products. Because of this problem, the company has to create brand awareness in the market through aggressive communication in an attempt to compete with other brand names already known to dog owners. Besides that, the frozen packaging form presents difficulties to the company with regard to product placement and distribution. The supermarket is the only distributor available because of the freezing space although this space is prioritized for human food rather than frozen food. 3.3 Opportunities The company has an opportunity in the U.S market to tap its vast potential as represented by the annual growth of sales (64%) of organic dog foods. The willingness of consumers who own dogs to pay premium prices for dog food products is expected to rise. About 65 million people in the U.S own dogs and the number is expected to increase as more desire to own animal companions. The Boston market area presents a good potential for this business with a population of 1.2% of total U.S population. Expenditures by Boston residents on pet products are approximately averages national expenditure. The Boston supermarkets have no other pet products of the type of complete frozen dog foods hence the chance that, Show Circuit will be the first dog food available in frozen-food section of the supermarkets. 3.4 Threats Besides the benefits that the product offers, this company will face competition from other companies providing the market with dog foods. The company will struggle to outcompete established companies such as Nestle, Mars Inc, Delmonte Foods Inc. as well as Procter Gamble. In addition, difficulties are expected to arise in convincing distributors (supermarkets) to provide in their stores freezer space. Majority of these supermarkets have limited freezer spaces where such frozen products are to be kept. The distributors will also have problems as it is a long process when making available the thawing time for frozen food. To deal with this, a 7% commission is to be offered based on the proposed price to retailers. 4. The problem/Decision statement With the market situation analyzed in terms of the dog food industrys environment, competition and opportunities, the executives should make decisions based on objectives, alternative strategies and the organizations strengths and weaknesses. The introduction of new dog food product into the market is faced with problems and challenges. A sound decision needs to be made if such business activity venture proves successful in the future. The executives of this company have to deal with problems such as, adequate market segmentation, specific market target, distribution channel, Show Circuit sale price, advertising models and most important the return on sales percentage. Such decisions in any business set up need a well-constituted problem-solving model that balances total variable costs with revenues. For First in Show Pet Foods Inc, the introduction of Show Circuit dog food at dog food industry requires well-calculated strategies. The supermarkets have already other brands of dog foo d products such as the treats, canned and dry. To achieve substantial brand shares at the supermarket channels, consumers have to be educated on the new Show Circuit with regard to brand, price, packaging and ingredients. 5. Presentation of alternatives There exists a possibility that at supermarkets, the frozen dog food will be subjected to varied objections with regard to freezer space and thawing time requirements. An alternative to overcoming such anticipated objections would be suggestions for fast thawing, the longest time to keep the food in the refrigerators and the thawing time indicated on the packaging container. The use of microwaves should also be suggested as a possibility for consumers who purchase such frozen dog food from the supermarkets. The pricing aspect of this new dog food product is very important considering the general price sensitivity of dog owners. In addition, the dog owners are more concerned with the welfare and health of their pets. A premium price may be good for Show Circuit considering its quality and the retail prices of other frozen dog foods sold in supermarkets. There are opportunities that can be seized up with the introduction of Show Circuit in frozen dog food market. Boston supermarkets pr esent a huge market potential with regard to the sale of frozen dog foods. In addition, there is a trend that organic dog foods are increasingly becoming popular in the dog food market with consumers willing to acquire such foods at premium prices. The company can capitalize on this opportunity in an attempt to acquire substantial market share. Another very crucial alternative is the opportunity to constitute the groundwork through which to rollout Show Circuit dog food into the national market. 6. Analysis of Action Plan The introduction of this new dog food product requires implementation of very creative strategies. Show Circuit will be positioned in the market as the truly dog food available at reasonable price. The advertising strategies will target both married and unmarried consumers occupying the age bracket of 21 to 54 years. Such target market group should also have a household income of higher than $ 25,000. The reason as to why such target market is selected is the trend that, married couples and single adults with or without roommate households or children treat their dogs as family companions. The advertising strategies through various campaigns will adequately justify the Show Circuit dog food as a unique product. The advertising campaigns will incorporate a variety of concepts in an attempt to create customers attention on the dog food identification. The packaging container will have an introductory coupon displayed prominently to emphasize on the quality the Show Circuit dog food has . Sections such as the television, sports, society and dining will carry out ads considered for special interests. Based on the unique qualities the product posses, they warrant media placement that is varied and intense. In covering a wider audience, the advertising campaigns will cover locations beyond the Boston market geographical area. The sales packets are designed to provide information in the most persuasive manner. Such information include, the acceptance of the dog food by chain stores, the manufacturers retail price, quantity discount schedule, market potential, promotional schedule, user endorsements and order information. In advertising, different types of media will use different creative strategies. For instance, the positioning of the product relative to its competitors is through the print media. The product is compared with other categories of dog food such as the dry and canned products. On the other hand, television adverts will emphasize on the products location in the supermarket hence minimizing problems when looking out for the product. It is evident that dog food industry receives heavy advertising and therefore the company must follow suit. In order to remain competitive in this industry, the First in Show Inc should carry out intensive advertising. The developed media advertising strategies aim to achieve the following objectives: Awareness creation of the new brand Attainment of distribution through supermarket channels Coupon redemption to motivate trial Motivation of trial by the emotional impacts created by the television 7. Recommendation The introduction of Show Circuit as a new dog food product is quite viable for this company considering the environment, nature of competition and the potential opportunities available. By employing, the strategies proposed in line with the organizations objectives, this new business venture would be a success. The organizations strengths that outweigh the weaknesses place it well to compete with other companies in exploiting the vast potential at Boston market and beyond. With the dog ownership industry expected to expand so does the expected return in sales of dog foods. The launch of the business activity in Boston market will involve incremental costs of about $ 30,000. The program budget inclusive of advertising expenses and slotting fee will range between $ 500,000 and $ 700,000 as shown in the table (2) below. Item Budget Levels Budget Levels Television $359,000 $529,000 Newspapers/magazine $100,500 $130,500 Collateral (sales pack) $9,750 $9,750 Miscellaneous $5,250 $5,250 Agency fees $25,500 $25,500 Total $500,000 $700,000 The expenditure is reasonable since countrywide media promotion for established brands cost $ 7 million to $8 million. A high initial expenditure for a new product is essential and the company will use savings to cater for the expenses.

The Defence of the Corporate Veil - Parent Companies Beware! :: Business Management Studies

The Defence of the Corporate Veil - Parent Companies Beware! Much interest has recently been shown in the potential consequences of the judgment given in Stocznia Gdanska SA -v- Latvian Shipping Co and others, which was substantially upheld by the Court of Appeal on 21 June 2002. Although the case related to Shipbuilding Contracts, the result has reinforced the traditional view that the Courts will not countenance any further erosion of the fundamental principle of English Company Law that a company is to be regarded as a legal entity with a separate legal personality, distinct from that of its members. However, the case has highlighted potential alternative sources of liability for parent companies establishing wholly owned single-purpose subsidiaries - in many industry sectors, including shipping, property and big-ticket asset finance. The basic principles The principle of separate corporate personality has been established for over a century. In the leading case of Salomon -v- Salomon & Co. (1897), the House of Lords held that, regardless of the extent of a particular shareholder's interest in the company, and notwithstanding that such shareholder had sole control of the company's affairs as its governing director, the company's acts were not his acts; nor were its liabilities his liabilities. Thus, the fact that one shareholder controls all, or virtually all, the shares in a company is not a sufficient reason for ignoring the legal personality of the company; on the contrary, the "veil of incorporation" will not be lifted so as to attribute the rights or liabilities of a company to its shareholders. The basic principle established in Salomon in relation to single companies was extended to groups of companies by a comparatively recent decision of the Court of Appeal in Adams -v- Cape Industries PLC (1990). In that case, the Court of Appeal held that, as a matter of law, it was not entitled to lift the corporate veil against a defendant company, which was a member of a corporate group, merely because the corporate structure had been used so as to ensure that the legal liability in respect of particular future activities of the group would fall on another member of the group rather than on the defendant company. In effect, the Court of Appeal rejected the argument that the corporate veil should be pierced just because a group of companies operated as a single economic entity. Related principles and considerations A corollary of the basic Salomon principle is that a company cannot be characterised as an agent of its shareholders unless there is clear evidence to show that the company was in fact acting as an agent in a particular transaction or series of transactions.

Research Proposal Childhood Obesity Essay

The topic of this research proposal is addressing childhood obesity in the United States. This epidemic has been going on for many years now and has become an issue most recently being addressed by the United States government through their task force, which hopes to end this problem. By reviewing the many factors involved which include economic boundaries for the children’s families, early education in nutrition, and progress made in battling this epidemic thus far, we will be able to determine when it is the best time to introduce good nutritional knowledge and application, as well as physical activity, for children in the United States in hopes of ending this problem overall. In order to determine this answer, the researcher will need to research the changes that have taken place thus far by reviewing articles that show what certain states have been actively promoting healthy eating and physical activity, like in Portland ME who has educational programs for residents. This program also allows for scholarships for these programs for families who cannot afford the classes. The researcher will also have to review articles in the ProQuest database that show what has been studied so far regarding nutrition for young children as well as other sources like the White House website articles related to the task force being led by First Lady Michelle Obama. The researcher will also need to show an overview of the current problem at hand with one in three children in the country qualifying as obese. The researcher will review some of the problems that may be contributing factors like target marketing to children by fast food establishments and limited physical activity by children today, By reviewing all of this information, the researcher should be able to show progress made toward ending this problem and answer when good nutrition and physical activity should be introduced in a child’s life.